Inferno Essays (871 words) - Divine Comedy, Inferno, Pap Satn

Jacob Cerda Dante?s Inferno 10/19/2010 Have you at any point pondered where individuals of transgression follow demise or even where you yourself would go? In Dante?s Inferno, a moral story of one?s hunt of salvation, Dante Alighieri goes into the dark profundities of damnation where he meets both legendary and genuine characters. He is guided by the phantom of the artist Virgil, who is an agnostic, however as an apparition comprehends the idea of one God. He ventures to every part of the nine degrees of hellfire where each transgression is portrayed through the different apparitions. Limbo isn't viewed as a position of discipline however a position of guiltlessness and individuals who weren?t absolved. The wrongdoings of desire, ravenousness, eagerness and extravagance, rage and bleakness, sin and brutality, extortion and bad form are totally visited. As he ventures to every part of the profundities of heck, Dante meets two characters, Plutus and Myrrha, from two of the nine distinct degrees of the black market. It is sa fe to say that you are prepared to begin the exciting experience into damnation? As Dante goes through the fourth hover of heck, he happens upon the evil presence Plutus, otherwise called Pluto. Pluto, in Greek folklore, is the Greek lord of the black market, be that as it may, in Roman folklore; he was a divine force of riches. The Romans understood that he was likewise a divine force of the black market. Dante has made Pluto into a horrible wolf evil presence that monitors the fourth circle, where spirits are rebuffed who have manhandled their riches through eagerness or improvidence. When he sees Dante and Virgil, Pluto utilizes an apostate obscure expression, ?Pape Satan Pape Satan aleppe,? which means: ?O Satan O Satan: god, lord.? He utilizes this expression to guarantee individuals that his god and pioneer is Lucifer. This is disrespect to both Virgil and Dante. Hearing this impious articulation, Virgil flies into a wrath, saying, be quiet, damned wolf; expend yourself with rage. This excursion to the pit is no mishap (Inferno, Canto VII lines 7-9). Virgil is stating that Plutus should hush up about his wrath, for his plunge is no mishap. Virgil discovers this expression hostile since he presently trusts in God. Plutus?s guardianship of the fourth circle and all his capacity has no impact over Dante and Virgil, thusly he is cast to earth to walk it forever. As Dante?s venture proceeds into different circles of heck, he runs over the adulteress Myrrha, the mother of Adonis. Myrrha is found in the tenth level, or Bolgia, of the eighth circle. Dante asks about her; Virgil clarifies ?that is the old apparition of the accursed Myrrha, who became past all legitimate love her father?s sweetheart.? (Canto XXX lines 37-39). She was captivated by her dad and misled him by masking herself as a mistress so she could lay down with him. As discipline, she was changed into a myrrh tree by an obscure divinity and some accept she is at present enduring rabies. Ovid in his Metamorphoses says that the earth gulped her feet, and from her toes grew attaches that broadly spread to hold the storage compartment in position; her bones became wood, which ran with sap not blood (Ovid?s Metamorphoses, book X, line 386-389). The story is sung by Orpheus, one of the extraordinary legendary figures in Rome. Ovid is stating she had admitted her transgression and is pr esently a tree by a unidentified god, dissimilar to Dante who accepts she had been reviled with rabies. I accept she is likewise an impression of the two little girls of Lot, who additionally hoodwinked their dad in a similar way. Myrrha is in hellfire in light of her trickery to her dad, not her desire for him. The last two circles of Hell rebuff sins that include cognizant misrepresentation or bad form. Myrrha is a liar and is rebuked for illimitable time. Pluto and Myrrha are both dull animals of wrongdoing. They are of wicked nature, mortal and godlike. The two of them loathsome sins, however I accept disrespect to be the risky of the two. Pluto?s impious sin is the most exceedingly terrible in light of the fact that he reviling the one genuine God. It is detestable to curse God who made all things, and, as Dante says, Pluto gets what he merited. He is rebuffed for his repulsive sin: he tumbled to earth to walk it forever. Myrrha?s double dealing to

Mason, John

Mason, John Mason, John, 1586â€"1635, founder of New Hampshire , b. England. After serving (1615â€"21) as governor of Newfoundland, he and Sir Ferdinando Gorges received (1622) a patent from the Council for New England for all the territory lying between the Merrimack and Kennebec rivers. In 1629 they divided the grant, Mason taking as his share an area 60 mi (95 km) deep between the Merrimack and Piscataqua rivers, which he named New Hampshire. This grant was confirmed to him when the Council for New England surrendered its charter in 1635. Attempts by his heirs to make good their claims to this land led to long litigation. The inhabitants were finally compelled to recognize the Mason rights, which were sold (1746) by one of Mason's descendants to a group of 12 Portsmouth men, who became known as the Masonian Proprietors. They issued settlement permits and land titles in the undeveloped parts of Mason's grant. The grant was redefined by the state in 1788. See J. W. Dean, ed., Captain J ohn Mason (1887, repr. 1972). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Cultural Globalization The Emergence of the Americanized...

Kofi Annan once said, â€Å"Arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity†. Globalization is an inevitable phenomenon in human history that brings about greater interconnectivity and integration of people worldwide. Over the past few decades, the pace of global integration has accelerated quickly and dramatically due to unprecedented advancements in technology, communications, science, transport and industry (The World Bank, 2013). Globalization affects economical, cultural, technological, political and social aspects of a country. In this essay, we’ll be talking about cultural globalization and its effects solely. Cultural globalization is the rapid movement of ideas, attitudes, values across national borders and†¦show more content†¦Mcdonaldization is one aspect of Americanization and it is widespread throughout the world. Firstly, food itself is an aspect of culture. And secondly, the system of Mcdonaldization and the presence o f fast food chains can influence the habits and way of lives of the locals. For example, the French are proud of having localized cuisine, which reflects their unique culture, however, many critics argued that fast food chains are quickly crowding out local food products as people live a more fast paced life and prefer fast food. America is the biggest producer of popular culture goods. (Levin Institute, 2014), and people especially teenagers are increasingly influenced by pop culture. Pop culture is manifested around the world through movies, music, television shows, fast food, fashion and other entertainment and consumer goods. Therefore, a nation’s cultural identity can be threatened and diminish over time as people become influenced by western culture. Cultural globalization also leads to the clash of cultures. Cultural globalization serves as a catalyst, facilitating consumerism and dissolving cultural differences resulting in homogenization of cultures. With growing American influence, cultural imperialism is imminent and this spells the doom of weak indigenous cultures. In many countries, national traditions are threatened and on the verge of diminishing,Show MoreRelatedParadoxes Of Culture And Globalization1185 Words   |  5 PagesParadoxes of Culture and Globalization What is a culture and why are there so many definitions of a culture? Does it matter? Is it rapidly changing? An how does globalization impact a culture? During my research I have found many definitions of a culture, but the most admired one that was mentioned by Martin Gannon in his book of Paradoxes of Culture and Globalization. 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A Dirty Job Chapter 4 Free Essays

string(90) " he was dripping with boyish charm, when it was, in fact, simply because he was dripping\." 4 THE BETA MALE IN HIS NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Jane,† said Charlie, â€Å"I am convinced by the events of the last few weeks that nefarious forces or people – unidentified but no less real – are threatening life as we know it, and in fact, may be bent on unraveling the very fabric of our existence.† â€Å"And that’s why I have to eat yellow mustard?† Jane was sitting at Charlie’s breakfast counter eating Little Smokies cocktail sausages out of the package, dipping them in a ramekin of French’s yellow. Baby Sophie was sitting on the counter in her car-seat/bassinet/imperial-storm-trooper-helmet thingy. We will write a custom essay sample on A Dirty Job Chapter 4 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Charlie paced the kitchen, marking off his evidentiary points in the air with a sausage as he went. â€Å"First, there was the guy in Rachel’s room that mysteriously disappeared from the security tapes.† â€Å"Because he was never there. Look, Sophie likes yellow mustard like you.† â€Å"Second,† Charlie continued, despite his sister’s persistent indifference, â€Å"all the stuff in the shop was glowing like it was radioactive. Don’t put that in her mouth.† â€Å"Oh my God, Charlie, Sophie’s straight. Look at her go after that Lil’ Smokie.† â€Å"And third, that Creek guy, got hit by a bus up on Columbus yesterday, I knew his name and he had an umbrella that was glowing red.† â€Å"I’m so disappointed,† said Jane. â€Å"I was looking forward to raising her on the all-girls team – giving her the advantages I never had, but look at her work that sausage. This kid is a natural.† â€Å"Get that out of her mouth!† â€Å"Relax, she can’t eat it. She doesn’t even have teeth. And it’s not like there’s a moaning Teletubby on the other end of it. Oh, jeez, it’s going to take major tequila to get that picture out of my head.† â€Å"She can’t have pork, Jane. She’s Jewish! Are you trying to turn my daughter into a shiksa?† Jane snatched the cocktail sausage out of Sophie’s mouth, and examined it, even as the fiber-optic strand of drool stayed connected to the tiny kid. â€Å"I don’t think I can eat these things ever again,† Jane said. â€Å"They’ll always conjure visions of my niece blowing a terry-cloth puppet person.† â€Å"Jane!† Charlie grabbed the sausage from her and flung it into the sink. â€Å"What?!† â€Å"Are you listening at all?† â€Å"Yes, yes, you saw some guy get hit by a bus so your fabric is unraveling. So?† â€Å"So, someone is fucking with me?† â€Å"And why is that news, Charlie? You’ve thought someone was fucking with you since you were eight.† â€Å"They have been. Probably. But this time it’s real. It could be real.† â€Å"Hey, these are all-beef Lil’ Smokies. Sophie’s not a shikster after all.† â€Å"Shiksa!† â€Å"Whatever.† â€Å"Jane, you’re not helping with my problem.† â€Å"What problem? You have a problem?† Charlie’s problem was that the trailing edge of his Beta Male imagination was digging at him like bamboo splinters under the fingernails. While Alpha Males are often gifted with superior physical attributes – size, strength, speed, good looks – selected by evolution over the eons by the strongest surviving and, essentially, getting all the girls, the Beta Male gene has survived not by meeting and overcoming adversity, but by anticipating and avoiding it. That is, when the Alpha Males were out charging after mastodons, the Beta Males could imagine in advance that attacking what was essentially an angry, woolly bulldozer with a pointy stick might be a losing proposition, so they hung back at camp to console the grieving widows. When Alpha Males set out to conquer neighboring tribes, to count coups and take heads, Beta Males could see in advance that in the event of a victory, the influx of female slaves was going to leave a surplus of mateless women cast out for yo unger trophy models, with nothing to do but salt down the heads and file the uncounted coups, and some would find solace in the arms of any Beta Male smart enough to survive. In the case of defeat, well, there was that widows thing again. The Beta Male is seldom the strongest or the fastest, but because he can anticipate danger, he far outnumbers his Alpha Male competition. The world is led by Alpha Males, but the machinery of the world turns on the bearings of the Beta Male. The problem (Charlie’s problem) is that the Beta Male imagination has become superfluous in the face of modern society. Like the saber-toothed tiger’s fangs, or the Alpha Male’s testosterone, there’s just more Beta Male imagination than can really be put to good use. Consequently, a lot of Beta Males become hypochondriacs, neurotics, paranoids, or develop an addiction to porn or video games. Because, while the Beta Male imagination evolved to help him avoid danger, as a side effect it also allows him fantasy-only access to power, money, and leggy, model-type females who, in reality, wouldn’t kick him in the kidneys to get a bug off their shoe. The rich fantasy life of the Beta Male may often spill over into reality, manifesting in near-genius levels of self-delusion. In fact, many Beta Males, contrary to any empirical evidence, actually believe that they are Alpha Males, and have been endowed by their creator with advanced stealth charisma, which, although awesome in concept, is totally undetectable by women not constructed from carbon fiber. Every time a supermodel divorces her rock-star husband, the Beta Male secretly rejoices (or more accurately, feels great waves of unjustified hope), and every time a beautiful movie star marries, the Beta Male experiences a sense of lost opportunity. The entire city of Las Vegas – plastic opulence, treasure for the tak ing, vulgar towers, and cocktail waitresses with improbable breasts – is built on the self-delusion of the Beta Male. And Beta Male self-delusion played no small part in Charlie first approaching Rachel, that rainy day in February, five years before, when he had ducked into A Clean, Well-Lighted Place for Books to get out of the storm, and Rachel granted him a shy smile over a stack of Carson McCullers she was shelving. He quickly convinced himself that it was because he was dripping with boyish charm, when it was, in fact, simply because he was dripping. You read "A Dirty Job Chapter 4" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"You’re dripping,† she said. She had blue eyes, fair skin, and dark loose curls that fell around her face. She gave him a sideways glance – just enough consideration to spur his Beta Male ego. â€Å"Yeah, thanks,† Charlie said, taking a step closer. â€Å"Can I get you a towel or something?† â€Å"Nah, I’m used to it.† â€Å"You’re dripping on Cormac McCarthy.† â€Å"Sorry.† Charlie wiped All the Pretty Horses with his sleeve while he tried to see if she had a nice figure under the floppy sweater and cargo pants. â€Å"Do you come here often?† Rachel took a second before responding. She was wearing a name tag, working inventory from a metal cart, and she was pretty sure she’d seen this guy in the store before. So he wasn’t being stupid, he was being clever. Sort of. She couldn’t help it, she laughed. Charlie shrugged damply and smiled. â€Å"I’m Charlie Asher.† â€Å"Rachel,† Rachel said. They shook hands. â€Å"Rachel, would you like to get a cup of coffee or something sometime?† â€Å"That sort of depends, Charlie. I’d need you to answer a few questions first.† â€Å"Of course,† Charlie said. â€Å"If you don’t mind, I have some questions, too.† He was thinking, What do you look like naked? and How long before I can check? â€Å"Fine, then.† Rachel put down The Ballad of the Sad Caf and counted on her fingers. â€Å"Do you have a job, a car, and a place to live? And are the last two things the same thing?† She was twenty-five and had been single for a while. She’d learned to screen her applicants. â€Å"Uh, yes, yes, yes, and no.† â€Å"Excellent. Are you gay?† She’d been single for a while in San Francisco. â€Å"I asked you out.† â€Å"That means nothing. I’ve had guys not realize they were gay until we’d gone out a few times. Turns out that’s my specialty.† â€Å"Wow, you’re kidding.† He looked her up and down and decided that she probably had a great figure under the baggy clothes. â€Å"I could see it going the other way, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Right answer. Okay, I’ll have coffee with you.† â€Å"Not so fast, what about my questions?† Rachel threw out a hip and rolled her eyes, sighed. â€Å"Okay, shoot.† â€Å"I don’t really have any, I just didn’t want you to think I was easy.† â€Å"You asked me out thirty seconds after we met.† â€Å"Can you blame me? There you were, eyes and teeth – hair, dry, holding good books – â€Å" â€Å"Ask me!† â€Å"Do you think that there’s any chance, you know, after we get to know each other, that you’ll like me? I mean, can you see it happening?† It didn’t matter that he was pushing it – whether he was sly or just awkward, she was defenseless against his Beta Male charm sans charisma, and she had her answer. â€Å"Not a chance,† she lied. â€Å"I miss her,† Charlie said, and he looked away from his sister as if there was something in the sink that really, really needed studying. His shoulders shook with a sob and Jane went to him and held him as he slumped to his knees. â€Å"I really miss her.† â€Å"I know you do.† â€Å"I hate this kitchen.† â€Å"Right there with you, kid.† The good sister, she was. â€Å"I see this kitchen and I see her face and I can’t handle it.† â€Å"Yes, you can. You will. It will get better.† â€Å"Maybe I should move or something.† â€Å"You do what you think you need to, but pain travels pretty well.† Jane rubbed his shoulders and his neck, as if his grief was a knot in a muscle that could be worked out under direct pressure. After a few minutes he was back, functioning, sitting at the counter between Sophie and Jane, drinking a cup of coffee. â€Å"You think I’m just imagining all this, then?† Jane sighed. â€Å"Charlie, Rachel was the center of your universe. Anyone who saw you guys together knew that. Your life revolved around her. With Rachel gone, it’s like you have no center, nothing to ground you, you’re all wobbly and unstable, so things seem unreal. But you do have a center.† â€Å"I do?† â€Å"It’s you. I don’t have a Rachel, or anyone like her on the horizon, but I’m not spinning out of control.† â€Å"So you’re saying I need to be self-centered, like you?† â€Å"I guess I am. Do you think that makes me a bad person?† â€Å"Do you care?† â€Å"Good point. Are you going to be okay? I need to go buy some yoga DVDs. I’m starting a class tomorrow.† â€Å"If you’re going to take a class, then why do you need DVDs?† â€Å"I have to look like I know what I’m doing or no one will go out with me. You going to be okay?† â€Å"I’ll be okay. I just can’t go in the kitchen, or look at anything in the apartment, or listen to music, or watch TV.† â€Å"Okay then, have fun,† Jane said, tweaking the baby’s nose on the way out the door. When she was gone, Charlie sat at the counter for a while looking at baby Sophie. Strangely enough, she was the only thing in the apartment that didn’t remind him of Rachel. She was a stranger. She looked at him – those wide blue eyes – with sort of an odd, glazed look. Not with the adoration or wonder that you might expect, more like she’d been drinking and would be leaving as soon as she found her car keys. â€Å"Sorry,† Charlie said, averting his gaze to a stack of unpaid bills by the phone. He could feel the kid watching him, wondering, he thought, how many terry-cloth puppet people she’d have to blow to get a decent father over here. Still, he checked that she was securely strapped in her chair, then went off to grab the undone laundry, because he was, in fact, going to be a very good father. Beta Males almost always make good fathers. They tend to be steady and responsible, the kind of guys a girl (if she was resolved to do without the seven-figure salary or the thirty-six-inch vertical leap) would want as a father for her children. Of course, she’d rather not have to sleep with him for that to happen, but after you’ve been kicked to the curb by a few Alpha Males, the idea of waking up in the arms of a guy who will adore you, if for no other reason than gratitude for sex, and will always be there, even past the point where you can stand to have him around, is a comfortable compromise. For the Beta Male, if nothing else, is loyal. He makes a great husband as well as a great best friend. He will help you move and bring you soup when you are sick. Always considerate, the Beta Male thanks a woman after sex, and is often quick with an apology as well. He makes a great house sitter, especially if you aren’t especially attached to your house pets. A Beta Male is trustworthy: your girlfriend is generally in safe hands with a Beta Male friend, unless, of course, she is a complete slut. (In fact, the complete slut through history may be exclusively responsible for the survival of the Beta Male gene, for loyal as he may be, the Beta Male is helpless in the face of charging, unimaginary bosoms.) And while the Beta Male has the potential to be a great husband and father, the skills still need to be learned. So, for the next few weeks, Charlie did little but care for the tiny stranger in his house. She was an alien, really – a sort of eating, pooping, tantrum machine – and he didn’t understand anything about her species. But as he tended to her, talked to her, lost a lot of sleep over her, bathed her, watched her nap, and admonished her for the disgusting substances that oozed and urped out of her, he started to fall in love. One morning, after a particularly active night of the feed-and-change parade, he awoke to find her staring goofily at the mobile over her crib, and when she saw him, she smiled. That did it. Like her mother before her, she set the course of his life with a smile. And as it had with Rachel, that wet morning in the bookstore, his soul lit up. The weirdness, the bizarre circumstances of Rachel’s death, the red glowing items in the shop, the dark, winged thing above the street, all of it took a backseat to the new light of his life. He didn’t understand that she loved him unconditionally – so when he got up in the middle of the night to feed her, he put on a shirt and combed his hair and tested to see that his breath was free of funk. Within minutes of getting poleaxed with affection for his daughter, he started to develop a deep fear for her safety, which, over the course of a few days, blossomed into a whole new garden of paranoia. â€Å"It looks like Nerf world in here,† Jane said, one afternoon when she brought in the bills from the store and the checks for Charlie to sign. Charlie had padded every sharp corner or edge in the apartment with foam rubber and duct tape, put plastic covers on all of the electrical outlets, childproofed locks on all cabinets, installed new smoke, carbon monoxide, and radon detectors, and activated the V?CChip on the TV so that now he was incapable of watching anything that didn’t feature baby animals or learning the alphabet. â€Å"Accidents are the number one cause of death among children in America,† Charlie said. â€Å"But she can’t even roll over on her stomach yet.† â€Å"I want to be ready. Everything I read says that one day you’re breast-feeding them and the next day you wake up and they’re dropping out of college.† He was changing the baby on the coffee table and had used ten baby wipes so far, if Jane had the count right. â€Å"I think that might be a metaphor. You know, for how fast they grow up.† â€Å"Well, it’s done when she’s ready to crawl.† â€Å"Why don’t you just make a big foam-rubber suit for her, it’s easier than padding the world. Charlie, it’s scary-looking in here. You can’t bring a woman here, she’d think you’re nuts.† Charlie looked at his sister for a long second without saying anything, just frozen there, holding a disposable diaper in one hand and his daughter’s ankles scissored between the fingers of the other. â€Å"When you’re ready,† Jane stumbled on. â€Å"I mean, I’m not saying that you’d bring a woman here.† â€Å"Okay, because I’m not.† â€Å"Of course not. I’m not saying that. But you have to leave the apartment. For one thing, you need to go downstairs to the store. Ray has turned the point-of-sale computer into some kind of dating service and the truant officer has stopped by three times looking for Lily. And I can’t keep doing the accounts and trying to run things and do my job, too, Charlie. Dad left you the business for a reason.† â€Å"But there’s no one to watch Sophie.† â€Å"You have Mrs. Korjev and Mrs. Ling right here in the building, let one of them watch her. Hell, I’ll watch her for a few hours in the evening, if that will help.† â€Å"I’m not going down there in the evening. That’s when things are radioactive.† Jane set the stack of papers on the coffee table next to Sophie’s head and backed away with her arms crossed. â€Å"Play what you just said back in your head, would you.† Charlie did, then shrugged. â€Å"Okay, that sounds a little crazy.† â€Å"Go make an appearance at the shop, Charlie. Just a few minutes to get your feet wet and put the fear of God in Ray and Lily, okay? I’ll finish changing her.† Jane slid in between the couch and the coffee table, nudging her brother out of the way. In the process she knocked the dirty diaper to the floor, where it fell open. â€Å"Oh my God!† She gagged and turned her head. â€Å"Another reason not to eat brown mustard, huh?† Charlie said. â€Å"You bastard!† He backed away. â€Å"Okay, I’m going downstairs. You’re sure you got this?† â€Å"Go!† Jane said, waving him out of the room with one hand while holding her nose with the other. How to cite A Dirty Job Chapter 4, Essay examples

Dug and alcohol research paper free essay sample

Substance Abuse : A 20 page research proposal that suggests a correlation between childhood sexual abuse and adolescent substance abuse. Bibliography lists more than a dozen sources. Abusex. wps Substance Abuse and Social Problems : A 20 page research study that looks at the issue of substance abuse and correlating social problems, like teen pregnancy, crime, increased welfare costs and the cost not only to the individual and family, but cost to society as well. Bibliography lists 21 sources. Subso. wps Current Drug Trends in America – 1980 to the Present : This 10 page report discusses the illegal drug trends that have taken place in the United States over the past two decades. Drugs have made a tremendous impact on American society over the past thirty to forty years, yet many Americans are often ambivalent regarding their opinions relating to drugs in terms of decriminalization, availability, impact on society, and mental and physical health impacts. In 1979, some 25 million Americans had tried drugs sometime in the preceding month. We will write a custom essay sample on Dug and alcohol research paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today that figure is 11 million. Bibliography lists 12 sources. BWdrgUS. wps Substance Abuse/Effects on Children : A 6 page research paper that examines the effects of parental substance abuse on their children and argues that such abuse greatly increases the chances that their children will, likewise, develop substance abuse problems. Bibliography lists 4 sources. 99coa. wps Teenage Drug Alcohol Abuse : A 17 page paper on teenage drug abuse that pays particular attention to the extent of the problem in the United States, and particularly Alaska, why the 1980s programs are no longer working, what other U. S. communities are doing to make changes, and what Alaskan communities are doing to make changes. Bibliography lists 14 sources. Teenalas. wps Problem of Teen Drinking in Society : This 7 page paper explores the topic of adolescent use of alcohol sociologically. A variety of theories are discussed including functionalism and differential association. Bibliography lists 7 sources. Teendrso. wps Counseling the Addicted Teen : 8 pages in length. Discusses addiction, counseling, treatment, and various pertinent programs available to assist adolescents involved with the use of drugs alcohol. Bibliography lists 7 sources. Drugteen. wps Teen Drug Abuse / Literature Review : This 5 page model literature research report addresses the subject of teen drug abuse and peer pressure. A variety of theories are explored. Bibliography lists 4 sources. Druglit. wps Alcoholism / A Realistic Case : A 10 page narrative illustratively detailing the authors experience with a friend who was discovered to be an alcoholic. Near the reports conclusion, an analysis is made based upon common concepts and terminologies taught in health and even sociology classes. No bibliography. Alcojeff. wps The Validity of Alcoholism as a Disease: A 5 page paper exploring the possibilities that alcoholism is not, in fact, a disease. The nature of disease is that it is sudden (at least in its discovery, if not in its development) and that it is beyond the control of its victim. Fingarette makes intriguing argument against the claim that alcoholism is a disease, but his lack of substantiation prevents them from being seen as completely valid. Bibliography lists 1 source. Alcdis. wps Alcohol Here’s to Your Health? : A 7 page paper discussing both the health benefits and the health problems associated with regular wine consumption. Numerous experts are divided in their opinions on the topic and some of the opposing viewpoints and information are presented in this report. Bibliography lists seven sources. Wine. doc Psychological Effects of Alcoholism : In 5 pages, the author discusses the psychological effects of alcoholism. Alcohol is a powerful drug that causes physical, social, and psychological effects. Those effects include anxiety and depression. Bibliography lists 6 sources. PCefalc. doc Sociological Perspectives on Alcoholism : A 9 page paper which addresses the condition of alcoholism from sociological perspectives. The paper is divided into the following categories: statement of the social problem, relevancy to one whose father is an alcoholic, effects of the problem, possible causes of alcoholism, and possible solutions. Bibliography lists 14

The Need for External Acknowledgement Essay Example

The Need for External Acknowledgement Essay Shakespeare hints at Learns brewing identity crisis when Reagan clarifies that Learns problem is not only his age, but also his self-identity. Reagan states: Its the infirmity of his age, yet he hath ever but slenderer known himself (1. 1. 294-5). Later Lear questions Kent in disguise as the servant Caucus. Lear states: Dost thou know me, fellow (1. 4. 26)? 2 Another hint of Learns impending identity crisis comes when Goner states: These dispositions, which of late transport you From what you rightly are. (1. 4. 213-4) The identity crisis becomes clear when later in Act 1, Lear states: Does any here know me? Why, this is not Lear. Who is it that can tell me who I am? (1. 4. 217-21) Friedman, Thomas. Power is Fleeting, Baker Reflects, The New York Times, February 2, 1990. Secretary of State James Baker describes his reaction to seeing a former White House Chief of Staff from a prior administration, walking alone on the street without any of the trappings of power. !2 Shakespeare, William. King Lear. In The Arden Shakespeare King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014. All future references to the text of the play will refer to this edition by listing the (Act/scene/line numbers). As he divides his kingdom and abdicates his throne, Lear tries to maintain a sense of elf-identity despite being surrounded by a changing political and social environment. Eventually Lear slips into madness as he struggles with a crisis of identity. Lear cannot resolve his identity crisis until he relinquishes his old self and accepts a new concept of selfless. Examining Learns dialog with Poor Tom, illuminates Shakespearean method of communicating to the audience how and why Lear resolves his identity crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for External Acknowledgement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for External Acknowledgement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for External Acknowledgement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer More illuminating than considering Learns identity crisis through standard literary critical analysis, one can better understand Learns struggle through a philosophical lens. The philosophical ideas George Wilhelm Frederica Hedges regarding the formation of selfless, helps explain how Shakespeare presents his theme of self- discovery in King Lear. Hegel contends that inwardness of selfless can only develop in an environment which includes external social interaction. 3 As Lear encounters the storm, he finds himself at the peak of his psychological struggle. The storm prepares Lear to face his identity crisis. When Lear seeks shelter from the storm in the hovel, he still holds on to a vestige of his former identity. Through his conversation with Poor Tom, Lear eventually emerges from the hovel enlightened and transformed with a new self-identity. Thus, through a Hegelian lens, King Lear is a play about social interaction and human nature. Consistent with Hedges philosophy regarding the formation of selfless, Poor Tom serves as the necessary external interaction which Lear requires to unify his internal and external selfless. This paper argues that Shakespeare uses Poor Toms feint at madness as a means for Hegel, George Wilhelm Frederica. Phenomenology of Spirit, The Norton Anthology of Theory Criticism. 2nd deed. Deed. Vincent B. Letch, New York: Norton, 2010. P. 541 . Lear to come into knowledge which enables Lear to resolve his identity crisis. Additionally this paper extends the argument by stating that without any interaction with a person independent of the kings former court, Lear c ould not achieve a new self-identity. Hedges Philosophy of Self-consciousness The philosophy of self-consciousness as expressed in Hedges essay Phenomenology of Spirit helps clarify how Lear resolves his identity crisis. A brief description of Hedges ideas on selfless explain the connection to Learns self-discovery. Hegel asserts that, achieving solicitousness requires the acknowledgement of the internal selfless by an external other. Hegel states: self-consciousness exists in and for itself when, and by the fact that, it so exists for another; that is, it exists only in being acknowledged. 4 In defining selfless as a two-step process, Hegel asserts that the self has an internal component consisting of a conception of selfless and an external component consisting of a recognition of that selfless by another person. Thus, Hegel asserts achieving and maintaining self- identity requires uniting the internal and external views of selfless into a singular self-identity. Hegel states: the notion of this its unity in its duplication. 5 The duplication of selfless stems from a struggle for oneness which forces an adaptation in self-identity. 6 Thus, Hegel contends the resolution of an identity crisis cannot take place solely in the mind of one individual. Resolving an identity crisis requires external feedback. 14 Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit, The Norton Anthology of Theory Criticism. . 541 . 15 16 Taking a Hegelian approach to Learns identity crisis, Lear must interact with and receive acknowledgement from another person, whom Lear perceives as not having a connection to the Kings former selfless. As a disposed king, Learns identity crisis mains linked to the void created when he loses the trappings of power associated with his roles as sovereign and father. Learns loss of political and family iden tity, creates a crisis that pushes him psychologically into unknown territory. Although not considering Shakespeare through a Hegelian lens, William Flesh indirectly supports this view in arguing that Shakespeare had an interest in phenomenology. Flesh asserts: In Shakespearean plays self-origination manifests itself most fully under the pressure of loss. 7 In order to resolve his identity crisis, Lear must break free from what he knows and embrace the unknown. The external feedback Lear receives prior to his interaction with Poor Tom, only reminds the disposed king of who he once was, not who he can now become. Lear needs a completely new external source of acknowledgment not linked to his former roles as king and father. Such an external source of acknowledgement offers Lear a means by which he can readjust his selfless. A readjustment that can only come about without a connection to his already internalized former self-identity. Lear needs an interaction which can provide a new frame of knowledge in order to develop an entirely new understanding of his self. A close examination of the play, reveals that Lear experiences such an interaction through his dialog with Poor Tom. The Storm: Preparing Lear to Encounter Poor Tom 17 Flesh, William. Generosity and the Limits of Authority: Shakespeare, Herbert, Milton. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992. P. 87. By the time Lear meets Poor Tom, Shakespeare has already prepped Lear for his direct interaction with a representation of the common man from the lowest level within British society. In addition, Shakespeare provides the audience with a glimpse of Lear accepting an initial change in his selfless. The storm sets the stage for Learns pivotal encounter with Poor Tom. The storm causes Lear to accept a deterioration or softening of his hardened selfless which he forged during his time wielding the power of an absolute monarch. Through the softening of his hardened selfless, Lear prepares to establish a new self-identity. During the storm, Lear comes to understand that as King of Britain, he ignored the daily struggles faced by the masses in Britain. In acknowledging the struggling masses, Lear takes a major step forward in acknowledging his own humanity and toward discovering his limits as a man. Only through his inward exploration, does Lear begin to find the self he was enable to experience as a king. As one can surmise, as king, Lear remained too focused on the hard calculated decisions of maintaining political power and wealth. But through the extremes of the storm, Learns hardened selfless starts to soften. Initially Lear only feels sorry for himself and seeks revenge by challenging nature to destroy the entire world, but as the storm continues, Lear is able to develop empathy for others. In gaining the ability to express empathy, Lear opens himself to the community necessary to achieve self-discovery. Lear in stubbornness refuses to return to Gloucester home and enter back into invitation with his daughters. Kent tries in vain to let Lear, allow him to go back to his daughters and ask if Lear may reenter the home and get out of the cold wet storm. Kent makes requests to Lear: Gracious my lord, hard by here is a hovel Some Friendship will it lend you against the tempest Repose you there, while I to this hard house More harder than the stones whereof its raised Which even but now, demanding after you, Denied me to come in return and force Their scanted courtesy. (3. 2. 61-7) Lear stands in the rain right near Gloucester home, but he refuses to return and work through his issues with his daughters. Even the Fool requests for Lear to be reasonable and go back to his daughters to get out of the cold rain of the storm. The Fool states: O, uncle, court holy water in a dry house is better than this rain-water out door. Good uncle, in and ask thy daughters blessing. Heres a night pities neither wise men nor fools At this point in the play, Lear does not have the ability to be flexible to discuss the issue with his daughters. As king, Lear did not need to negotiate and compromise. By holding on to a selflessness associated with power, Lear cannot act like a common man living in a community with others. By staying out in the storm, Lear isolates himself both physically and mentally. Shakespeare uses the storm to highlight Learns inability to confront human nature resulting in Learns inability to live amongst others. When Lear can no longer demand his wishes and force others to bend to his will, Lear storms off into an actual storm. Considering King Lear through a Hegelian lens, Learns inability to thrive as a member of a community, stands clear as the reason why Lear struggles with an identity crisis. Without the social skills required to connect with an external other and gain acknowledgement for his new selfless, Lear is initially unable to readjust his self-identity. Initially facing the storm, Lear remains defiant. He refuses to acknowledge that his present place in the world, no longer reflects his personal perception of his place in the world. As an absolute monarch, Lear lived in a world that was not the reality of most men. Now as a deposed king, Lear must face the reality of the world as do ordinary men. Such an absolute change in his life gives a shock to Learns mental stability. The storm represents a physical manifestation of the violent change taking place in his life. The storm represents the psychological storm raging in Learns subconscious. As he protests against his loss of power and status, so does Lear protest its physical manifestation represented by the storm. In seeking revenge, Lear assumes a king like posture in ordering nature to do his bidding. Lear states: Blow winds and crack and crack your checks! Rage, blow! You cataracts and hurricanes, spout Till you have drench our steeples, drown the socks! Vault-courses of oak-cleaving thunderbolts, Singe my white head! And thou all shaking thunder, Strike flat the thick rotundity the world Crack natures moulds, germens spill at once That make ungrateful man! (3. 2. -9) Learns voice remains constant in the manner by which he commands nature to act. Lear demonstrates that his actions are still driven by his self-identity as a powerful man capable of and in the habit of issuing commands and being obeyed. At this point in the play, Learns voice provides insight into his social interaction. Lear lacks the ability to interact well with others as he still considers himself as retaining the power of an absolute monarch. As if he were still king, Lear expects his communication with others to be relatively one sided and in his favor. In this key passage (3. . -9), Lear reveals the frustration of his identity crisis. He asks the gods for a natural disaster to make society pay for the injustice he suffers under the mistreatment of his daughters. Near the end of the passage, Lear strikes more directly at woman in venting his anger with Reagan and General. In using the term thick rotundity, Lear describes the world as a pregnant woman. 8 In using natures moulds, Lear describes a womans womb. Here Lear displays his misogynistic attitude which does not highlight his rage toward mankind, but actually highlights his anger toward his daughters. Learns rage toward his gutters reinforces that his selfless remains trapped in the same position he was at the beginning of the play. Trapped in a selfless linked to his identity as a powerful king and father, Lear seeks revenge for the threat to this self-identity. Lear seeks revenge against Reagan and General for his decline in power and their rejection of him as their aged father. Lear states: I am a man More sinned against than sinning. (3. 2. 58-9) Learns rage reveals that he is not yet a broken man. His over-the-top language clearly communicates his delusion as to the grand position which he still believes that he olds. Lear clearly states that he wants Reagan and General to feel his wrath. Lear states: l will punish home (3. 4. 16). At this point in the play, what does not happen to Lear is a shift in his self-identity. A shift which his new political and family situations actually necessitate. Without an adjustment in self-identity, Lear feels himself falling into madness. Lear states: My wits begin to turn (3. 2. 68). What happens to Lear is a slide into madness as he fixates on his mistreatment at the hands of Reagan and General. Without a shift in self-identity Lear broods over the perceived injustice of hat Reagan and General have done to him, and he loses touch with reality. Lear states: O, Reagan, General, Your old, kind father, whose frank heart gave you all! 8 263. Editors note: Fakes, R. A. , deed. , The Arden Shakespeare: King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014, p. O, that way madness lies (3. 4. 19-21) As the storm continues, Learns hardened selfless softens. In trying to stave off madness, Lear shifts his focus away from his desire for retribution against Reagan and Goner. No longer fixated on his desire for vengeance against his daughters, Lear finally speaks of the common people in England. Lear shifts his focus from his psychological offering to his physical suffering. His physical suffering breaks down his hardened resolve to maintain his selfless unchanged by recent events. Lear states: Poor naked wretches, wherefores you are, That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm, How shall your housefuls heads and unfed sides Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you From seasons such as these? (3. 4. 28-32) Cold and wet, Lear experiences the suffering and pains of the commoners first hand. His physical suffering forces Lear to think beyond himself and feel sympathy for others. Instead of seeking retribution against his daughters, now Lear thinks of his rime in ignoring the harsh plight of his subjects. In a true moment of introspection Lear faults his tenure as king. Removed from the people he ruled, Lear focused more on courtly endeavors than humanity. Lear states: O I have eaten Too little care of this. (3. 4. 32-3) When focused on revenge, Learns thinks from a perspective of self-centered desire. When Lear concludes he did not govern well as king, he thinks from a perspective of compassion and a sense of community. Shakespeare has Lear come to understand the poor naked wretches, to prepare Lear for his encounter with Poor Tom. In exposing Lear to the suffering of humans when tripped away of all protection of civilization, Lear can know understand Poor Tom and develop a kinship with Poor Tom. Lear states: Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel, That thou mast shake the superglue to them And show the heavens more Just. (3. 4. 34-6) Without Learns enlightenment regarding the poor naked wretches, Lear would not be able to develop a community with Poor Tom. The first step in preparing for an adjustment in selectivity requires a willingness to seek community. Lear cannot receive external acknowledgement for a new self-identity without first developing an openness to community. In feeling the pain of the cold storm, Lear engages his senses that all humans have in common. In connecting with his basic human senses, Lear becomes more open to enter into a community with an external other. From a Hegelian approach the storm clearly prepares Lear to adjust his self-identity. Before the storm, Learns hardened self-identity remained focused on his self-interest. As a powerful king all Lear focused on was maintaining and wielding power. Before the storm the former king remains rigid in holding onto his self-identity associated with power. At the start of the storm a zeal for revenge represents the only emotion which Lear can summon. In discovering he was remiss in not caring for his common subjects, Lear softens and opens himself to an adjustment in his self-identity. By the end of the storm, Lear can now display the emotions of empathy and guilt. Lear is now a less rigid character and assumes a range of flexibility with his emotions. Shakespeare uses the storm not as a moment of rebirth for Learns personality, but as a moment of psychological breakdown. Only through breaking down his strong self- identity could Shakespeare prepare the character to finally resolve his identity crisis. Following Learns feting in the storm, Lear engages Poor Tom from a more malleable psychological state than the Lear who argued with Reagan and Goner. Inside the Hovel: Establishing a Community Inside the hovel, Lear interacts with a person he considers his equal. Lear finds himself on par with Poor Tom. Unlike the Fool, whom Lear considers one of the trappings of his former power, Lear perceives Poor Tom as a psychologically troubled person Just like himself. In identifying with Poor Tom, Lear can finally gain the knowledge to free himself from constriction of his former conception of selfless. Lear redefines himself by his own humanity rather than by his former wealth, status, and privilege. Poor Tom replaces the Fool as the foil to Learns outward conversations with himself. Shakespeare uses these conversations as a means for allowing the audience access to the psychological struggle taking place inside the mind of Lear. In other words, the drama within a drama which plays out in Learns self-conscious. The dialog between Lear and Poor Tom in the hovel does little to move the plot forward other than resolving Learns identity crisis. While he does not link King Lear to Hedges hilltops on selfless, literary critic James Carney does support this point when he asserts: Shakespeare gives us a scene? completely unmotivated in terms of its significance to the plot?in which Lear responds viscerally to his exposure to the laterality of the other person. 9 Only through Poor Toms madness, does Lear find what he perceives as an external equal to provide acknowledgment for Learns newly formed internal definition of selfless. 19 Kerrey, James. Phenomenology and Ethics This is above all strangeness: King Lear, Ethics, and the Phenomenology of Recognition in Criticism, Summer 2012, Volvo. 54, No. 3, p. 457. But, can Lear, in his own state of madness, recognize Poor Tom as a madman and consider Poor Tom his equal from who he can gain knowledge? Professor R. A. Folks, of UCLA, contends that Edgers disguise as a mad beggar does not influence Learns interaction with Poor Tom. In his introduction to The Arden Shakespeare King Lear, Folks argues: Edgers masquerade as the possessed Poor Tom is pretty much confined to one scene, and has little or no effect on the mad Lear, who sees him as a learned Thebes10 (102). I reject Folklores argument based on Learns initial perception of Poor Tom as being driven to madness by the neglect of his daughters. While Lear does not consider Poor Tom as possessed by the devil, he does perceive Poor Tom as psychologically troubled. Lear states: Didst thou give all to thy two daughters? And art thou come to this (3. 4. 48-9). In first seeing Poor Tom as a suffering creature shivering in the hovel without clothes, Lear projects his own problems and madness onto Poor Tom. In my view, Folks overlooks the value placed on Learns first assessment of Tom as a madman Just like himself. In his unity of effort, Shakespeare intentionally has Lear first bond with Poor Tom as one madman to another madman. Only through bonding on some level of equality an Lear become open to gaining knowledge from Poor Tom. One critic even argues that in his suffering as an outcast, the disguised Edgar may also suffer an identity crisis propelling him into madness. Emollient Bell argues that Edgers assumed madness becomes indistinguishable from the frantic despair to which he has been driven. el As the former king, Lear must find a manner in which to Fakes, R. A. , deed. , Introduction in The Arden Shakespeare: King Lear, New York: Bloomberg, 2014, Bell, Emollient. Naked Lear, in Raritan, Spring 2004, Volvo 23, No 4, up. 55-70. P. 102. Connect with Poor Tom as a wise man. Before Lear can philosophize with Poor Tom, Lear first must consider Poor Tom as an equal. In finding an equal, Lear can end his self-imposed solitude and enter into a community. Through a community Lear can finally end his identity crisis by gaining external acceptance for his selfless. In encountering a near naked man, Lear finds himself connected to Poor Toms base humanity. Poor Tom represents the true nature of humanity stripped down to the essential. Poor Tom represents the image of Lear stripped away of all the trappings of wealth and power which he had known while he was king. After his experience in he storm, Lear can identify with Poor Tom as a poor naked wretch. During his time in the hovel, Lear refers to Poor Tom as the thing itself (3. . 104). Lear refers to Poor Tom as representative of human poverty. In his perception of Poor Tom as humankind without the varnish of society, Lear finds the common ground which allows him to establish a community with Poor Tom. A key aspect to Poor Tom representing humanity in a base form is the connection of Poor Tom to nature. Shakespeare hints at Poor Toms strong connection to nature early in the play. When Ed mund discusses how planetary influence explains his evil tendencies, he ascribes himself using the attributes of a mad beggar (1. 2. 125). Edmund states: My cue is villainous melancholy, with a sigh like Tom bedlam (1. 2. 135-6). By linking the mad beggar with astrology, Shakespeare indirectly hints at a link between Poor Tom and nature. When Edgar describes how he will disguise himself, the description invokes images of an animal. Edgar states: To take the barest and most poorest shape That ever penury in contempt of man Brought near beast. My face Ill grime in filth, Blanket my loins, elf all my hair in knots (2. 2. 178-80) When Poor Tom describes the eating of small prey, he describes himself as an animal. He states: Poor Tom eats the swimming frog, the toad, the tadpole, the wall- newt (3. 4. 125-6). Linking Poor Tom to nature reinforces the character as a representation of humankind at a base level without the comforts of society. After experiencing the storm, Lear finds the unvarnished truth of the human condition in Poor Toms unvarnished appearance and vulnerable existence. Poor Tom serves as a mirror by which Lear can see his own interpretation of the world. In further defining his initial perception of Poor Tom, Lear states: Have his daughters brought him to this pass?